Allman, Ivy (2012) Vertebrate animals. Research World, Delhi, India. ISBN 9788132331612
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Abstract
Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata, chordates with backbones and spinal columns. About 58,000 species of vertebrates have been currently described. Vertebrata is the largest subphylum of chordates, and contains many familiar groups of large land animals. Vertebrates are the animals from the groups of jawless fishes, bony fishes, sharks and rays, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. Extant vertebrates range in size from the carp species Paedocypris, at as little as 7.9 mm (0.3 inch), to the Blue Whale, at up to 33 m (110 ft). Vertebrates make up about 5% of all described animal species; the rest are invertebrates, which lack backbones. The vertebrates traditionally include the hagfish, which do not have proper vertebrae, although their closest living relatives, the lampreys, do have vertebrae. For this reason, the vertebrate subphylum is sometimes referred to as "Craniata", as all members do possess a cranium. Etymology The word vertebrate derives from the Latin word vertebratus (Pliny), meaning joint of the spine. It is closely related to the word vertebra, which refers to any of the bones or segments of the spinal column. All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan: a stiff rod running through the length of the animal (vertebral column or notochord), with a hollow tube of nervous tissue (the spinal cord) above it and the gastrointestinal tract below. In all vertebrates the mouth is found at or right below the anterior end of the animal, while the anus opens to the exterior before the end of the body. The remaining part of the body continuing aft of the anus forms a tail with vertebrae and spinal cord, but no gut.
| Item Type: | Book |
|---|---|
| Subjects: | S Agriculture > SF Animal culture |
| Divisions: | Electronic Books |
| Depositing User: | Esam @ Hisham Muhammad |
| Date Deposited: | 02 Jan 2023 03:27 |
| Last Modified: | 02 Jan 2023 03:27 |
| URI: | http://odlsystem2.utm.my/id/eprint/3953 |
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