Kersey, Gita (2012) Hierarchy of life (biological organisation). White Word Publications, Delhi, India. ISBN 9788132341642
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Abstract
Hierarchy of life, is the hierarchy of complex biological structures and systems that define life using a reductionistic approach. The traditional hierarchy, as detailed below, extends from atoms (or lower) to biospheres. The higher levels of this scheme are often referred to as ecological organization. Each level in the hierarchy represents an increase in organizational complexity, with each "object" being primarily composed of the previous level's basic unit. The basic principle behind the organization is the concept of emergence - the properties and functions found at a hierarchical level are not present and irrelevant at the lower levels. Organization further refers to the high degree of order of an organism (in comparison to general objects). Ideally, individual organisms of the same species have the same arrangement of the same structures. For example, the typical human has a torso with two legs at the bottom and two arms on the sides and a head on top. It is extremely rare (and usually impossible, due to physiological and biomechanical factors) to find a human that has all of these structures but in a different arrangement. The biological organization of life is a fundamental premise for numerous areas of scientific research, particularly in the medical sciences. Without this necessary degree of organization, it would be much more difficult - and likely impossible to apply the study of the effects of various physical and chemical phenomena to diseases and body function. For example, fields such as cognitive and behavioral neuroscience could not exist if the brain was not composed of specific types of cells, and the basic concepts of pharmacology could not exist if it was not known that a change at the cellular level can affect an entire organisms. These applications extend into the ecological levels as well. For example, DDT's direct effect occurs at the subcellular level, but affects higher levels up to and including multiple ecosystems. Theoretically, a change in one atom changing the entire biosphere.
| Item Type: | Book |
|---|---|
| Subjects: | Q Science > QH Natural history Q Science > QH Natural history > QH301 Biology |
| Divisions: | Electronic Books |
| Depositing User: | Esam @ Hisham Muhammad |
| Date Deposited: | 02 Jan 2023 01:30 |
| Last Modified: | 02 Jan 2023 01:30 |
| URI: | http://odlsystem2.utm.my/id/eprint/3851 |
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