Lam, Leland (2012) General concepts components of space exploration. The English Press, Delhi, India. ISBN 9788132346531
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Abstract
An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command , pilot , or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft . While generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists. Definition Until 2003, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military, or by civilian space agencies. With the sub - orbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004 , a new category of astronaut was created : the commercial astronaut. The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary . The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed an altitude of 100 kilometers (62 mi). In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 50 miles (80 km) are awarded astronaut wings. As of September 19, 2009, a total of 505 people from 38 countries have reached 100 km (62 mi) or more in altitude, of which 502 reached Low Earth orbit or beyond. Of these, 24 people have traveled beyond Low Earth orbit, to either lunar or trans-lunar orbit or to the surface of the moon, three of the 24 did so twice: Jim Lovell, John Young and Eugene Cernan.
| Item Type: | Book |
|---|---|
| Subjects: | T Technology > TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics |
| Divisions: | Electronic Books |
| Depositing User: | Esam @ Hisham Muhammad |
| Date Deposited: | 30 Nov 2022 08:39 |
| Last Modified: | 30 Nov 2022 08:39 |
| URI: | http://odlsystem2.utm.my/id/eprint/3659 |
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